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- Classe: Mammifères
- Sous-classe: Theria
- Infra-classe: Eutheria
- Ordre: Rodentia
Mammifères caractérisés par une paire de larges incisives en biseau et aux bords tranchants, qui sont fermement implantées dans les deux mâchoires et servent à ronger la végétation. La surface avant de chaque incisive se compose d'émail et la surface arrière de dentine tendre, qui s'use quand l'animal ronge, si bien que les dents sont maintenues constamment aiguisées. Les rongeurs ne possèdent pas de canines, un intervalle sépare les incisives des molaires.
Rodentia sous-ordre: Anomaluromorpha
| Famille | Sous-famille | Genre et espèce | Nom français |
| Anomaluridae | Anomalurinae | Anomalurus beecrofti | Ecureuil volant de Beecroft |
| | | Anomalurus derbianus | Ecureuil volant de Derby |
| | | Anomalurus pelii | Anomalure de Pel |
| | | Anomalurus pusillus | Ecureuil volant pygmée |
| | Zenkerellinae | Idiurus macrotis | Anomalure nain |
| | | Idiurus zenkeri | Ecureuil volant de Zenker |
| | | Zenkerella insignis | Anomalure aptère |
| Pedetidae | | Pedetes capensis | Lièvre sauteur |
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Sous-ordre:Hystricognatha infra-ordre: Hystricognathi
| Famille | Sous-famille | Genre et espèce | Nom français |
| Abrocomidae | | Abrocoma bennettii | Rat chinchilla de Bennett |
| | | Abrocoma boliviensis | Rat chinchilla de Bolivie |
| | | Abrocoma cinerea | Rat chinchilla cendré |
| Agoutidae | | Agouti paca | Paca |
| | | Agouti taczanowskii | Borugo |
| | Dasyproctinae | Dasyprocta azarae | Agouti d'Azara |
| | | Dasyprocta coibae | Agouti de Panama |
| | | Dasyprocta cristata | Agouti crêté |
| | | Dasyprocta fuliginosa | Agouti cendré |
| | | Dasyprocta guamara | Agouti de Guamara |
| | | Dasyprocta kalinowskii | Agouti de Kalinowski |
| | | Dasyprocta leporina | Agouti doré |
| | | Dasyprocta mexicana | Agouti du Mexique |
| | | Dasyprocta prymnolopha | Agouti à crête |
| | | Dasyprocta punctata | Agouti ponctué |
| | | Dasyprocta ruatanica | Agouti de Ruatan |
| | | Myoprocta acouchy | Acouchi commun |
| | | Myoprocta exilis | Acouchi rouge |
| Bathyergidae | | Bathyergus janetta | Rat-taupe des dunes |
| | | Bathyergus suillus | Rat -taupe des sables |
| | | Cryptomys bocagei | |
| | | Cryptomys damarensis | |
| | | Cryptomys foxi | |
| | | Cryptomys hottentotus | |
| | | Cryptomys mechowi | |
| | | Cryptomys ochraceocinereus | |
| | | Cryptomys zechi | |
| | | Georychus capensis | |
| | | Heliophobius argenteocinereus | |
| | | Heterocephalus glaber | |
| Capromyidae | Capromyinae | Capromys pilorides | |
| | | Geocapromys brownii | |
| | | Geocapromys ingrahami | |
| | | Geocapromys thoracatus | |
| | | Mesocapromys angelcabrerai | |
| | | Mesocapromys auritus | |
| | | Mesocapromys nanus | |
| | | Mesocapromys sanfelipensis | |
| | | Mysateles garridoi | |
| | | Mysateles gundlachi | |
| | | Mysateles melanurus | |
| | | Mysateles meridionalis | |
| | | Mysateles prehensilis | |
| | Hexolobodontinae | Hexolobodon phenax | |
| | Isolobodontinae | Isolobodon montanus | |
| | | Isolobodon portoricensis | |
| | Plagiodontinae | Plagiodontia aedium | |
| | | Plagiodontia araeum | |
| | | Plagiodontia ipnaeum | |
| | | Rhizoplagiodontia lemkei | |
| Caviidae | Caviinae | Cavia aperea | |
| | | Cavia fulgida | |
| | | Cavia magna | |
| | | Cavia porcellus | |
| | | Cavia tschudii | |
| | | Galea flavidens | |
| | | Galea musteloides | |
| | | Galea spixii | |
| | | Kerodon rupestris | |
| | | Microcavia australis | |
| | | Microcavia niata | |
| | | Microcavia shiptoni | |
| | Dolichotinae | Dolichotis patagonum | |
| | | Dolichotis salinicola | |
| Chinchillidae | | Chinchilla brevicaudata | |
| | | Chinchilla lanigera | |
| | | Lagidium peruanum | |
| | | Lagidium viscacia | |
| | | Lagidium wolffsohni | |
| | | Lagostomus maximus | |
| Dinomyidae | | Dinomys branickii | |
| Echimyidae | Chaetomyinae | Chaetomys subspinosus | |
| | Dactylomyinae | Dactylomys boliviensis | |
| | | Dactylomys dactylinus | |
| | | Dactylomys peruanus | |
| | | Kannabateomys amblyonyx | |
| | | Olallamys albicauda | |
| | | Olalllamys edax | |
| | Echimyinae | Diplomys caniceps | |
| | | Diplomys labilis | |
| | | Diplomys rufodorsalis | |
| | | Echimys blainvillei | |
| | | Echimys braziliensis | |
| | | Echimys chrysurus | |
| | | Echimys dasythrix | |
| | | Echimys grandis | |
| | | Echimys lamarum | |
| | | Echimys macrurus | |
| | | Echimys nigrispinus | |
| | | Echimys pictus | |
| | | Echimys rhipidurus | |
| | | Echimys saturnus | |
| | | Echimys semivillosus | |
| | | Echimys Thomasi | |
| | | Echimys Unicolor | |
| | | Isothrix bistriata | |
| | | Isothrix pagurus | |
| | | Makalata armata | |
| | Eumysopinae | Carterodon sulcidens | |
| | | Clyomys bishopi | |
| | | Clyomys laticeps | |
| | | Euryzygomatomys spinosus | |
| | | Hoplomys gymnurus | |
| | | Lonchothrix emiliae | |
| | | Mesomys didelphoides | |
| | | Mesomys hispidus | |
| | | Mesomys leniceps | |
| | | Mesomys obscurus | |
| | | Mesomys stimulax | |
| | | Proechimys albispinus | |
| | | Proechimys amphichoricus | |
| | | Proechimys bolivianus | |
| | | Proechimys brevicauda | |
| | | Proechimys canicollis | |
| | | Proechimys cayennensis | |
| | | Proechimys chrysaeolus | |
| | | Proechimys cuvieri | |
| | | Proechimys decumanus | |
| | | Proechimys dimidiatus | |
| | | Proechimys goeldii | |
| | | Proechimys gorgonae | |
| | | Proechimys guairae | |
| | | Proechimys gularis | |
| | | Proechimys hendeei | |
| | | Proechimys hoplomyoides | |
| | | Proechimys iheringi | |
| | | Proechimys longicaudatus | |
| | | Proechimys magdalenae | |
| | | Proechimys mincae | |
| | | Proechimys myosuros | |
| | | Proechimys oconnelli | |
| | | Proechimys oris | |
| | | Proechimys poliopus | |
| | | Proechimys quadruplicatus | |
| | | Proechimys semispinosus | |
| | | Proechimys setosus | |
| | | Proechimys simonsi | |
| | | Proechimys steerei | |
| | | Proechimys trinitatis | |
| | | Proechimys urichi | |
| | | Proechimys warreni | |
| | | Trichomys apereoides | |
| | Heteropsomyinae | Boromys offella | |
| | | Boromys torrei | |
| | | Brotomys contractus | |
| | | Brotomys voratus | |
| | | Heteropsomys antillensis | |
| | | Heteropsomys insulans | |
| | | Puertoricomys corozalus | |
| | Myocastorinae | Myocastor coypus | |
| Erethizontidae | | Coendou bicolor | |
| | | Coendou koopmani | |
| | | Coendou prehensilis | |
| | | Coendou rothschildi | |
| | | Echinoprocta rufescens | |
| | | Erethizon dorsatum | |
| | | Sphiggurus insidiosus | |
| | | Sphiggurus mexicanus | |
| | | Sphiggurus pallidus | |
| | | Sphiggurus spinosus | |
| | | Sphiggurus vestitus | |
| | | Sphiggurus villosus | |
| Heptaxodontidae | Clidomyinae | Clidomys osborni | |
| | | Clidomys parvus | |
| | Heptaxodontinae | Amblyrhiza inundata | |
| | | Elasmodontomys obliquus | |
| | | Quemisia gravis | |
| Hydrochaeridae | | Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris | |
| Hystricidae | | Atherurus africanus | |
| | | Atherurus macrourus | |
| | | Hystrix africaeaustralis | |
| | | Hystrix brachyura | |
| | | Hystrix crassipinis | |
| | | Hystrix cristata | |
| | | Hystrix indica | |
| | | Hystrix javanica | |
| | | Hystrix pumila | |
| | | Hystrix sumatrae | |
| | | Trichys fasciculata | |
| Laonastidae | | Laonastes aenigmamus | |
| Octodontidae | | Aconaemys fuscus | |
| | | Aconaemys sagei | |
| | | Ctenomys argentinus | |
| | | Ctenomys austrlis | |
| | | Ctenomys azarae | |
| | | Ctenomys boliviensis | |
| | | Ctenomys bonettoi | |
| | | Ctenomys brasiliensis | |
| | | Ctenomys colburni | |
| | | Ctenomys conoveri | |
| | | Ctenomys dorsalis | |
| | | Ctenomys emilianus | |
| | | Ctenomys frater | |
| | | Ctenomys fulvus | |
| | | Ctenomys haigi | |
| | | Ctenomys knighti | |
| | | Ctenomys latro | |
| | | Ctenomys leucodon | |
| | | Ctenomys lewisi | |
| | | Ctenomys magellanicus | |
| | | Ctenomys maulinus | |
| | | Ctenomys mendocinus | |
| | | Ctenomys minutus | |
| | | Ctenomys nattereri | |
| | | Ctenomys occultus | |
| | | Ctenomys opimus | |
| | | Ctenomys pearsoni | |
| | | Ctenomys perrensis | |
| | | Ctenomys peruanus | |
| | | Ctenomys pontifex | |
| | | Ctenomys porteousi | |
| | | Ctenomys saltarius | |
| | | Ctenomys sericeus | |
| | | Ctenomys sociabilis | |
| | | Ctenomys steinbachi | |
| | | Ctenomys talarum | |
| | | Ctenomys torquatus | |
| | | Ctenomys tuconax | |
| | | Ctenomys tucumanus | |
| | | Ctenomys validus | |
| | | Octodon bridgesi | |
| | | Octodon degus | |
| | | Octodon lunatus | |
| | | Octodontomys gliroides | |
| | | Octomys mimax | |
| | | Spalacopus cyanus | |
| | | Tympanoctomys barrerae | |
| Petromuridae | | Petromus typicus | |
| Thryonomyidae | | Thryonomys gregorianus | |
| | | Thryonomys swinderianus | |
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